![]() Esophagus II: Strictures, Acute syndromes, Neoplasms and Vascular impressions.Esophagus I: anatomy, rings, inflammation.Vascular Anomalies of Aorta, Pulmonary and Systemic vessels.Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels.Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System.Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013.Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions.Acute Abdomen in Gynaecology - Ultrasound.Appendicitis - Pitfalls in US and CT diagnosis.A systematic review of the utility of the Hoffmann sign for the diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy. ↑ Fogarty A, Lenza E, Gupta G, Jarzem P, Dasgupta K, Radhakrishna M.Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. Clustered clinical findings for diagnosis of cervical spine myelopathy. ↑ Cook C, Brown C, Isaacs R, Roman M, Davis S, Richardson W.Clinical correlation of cervical myelopathy and the Hoffman sign. Neurology in clinical practice, 5th edition, Elsevier, 2008, pp 362,427. ↑ Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J.A Systematic Review of the Utility of the Hoffmann Sign for the Diagnosis of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fogarty A, Lenza E, Gupta G, Jarzem P, Dasgupta K, Radhakrishna M.Available from: (accessed 19 August 2020) ↑ 3.0 3.1 DeJong’s The Neurologic Examination: Sixth edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005, pp 495-496."ON THE HISTORY OF HOFFMANN'S SIGN." Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 1937 5(7): 684-86. Über eine Methode, den Erfolg einer Nervennaht zu beurteilen. However, a study revealed that in subjects with degenerative cervical myelopathy, there is insufficient data to support its solitary use in confirming the diagnosis. Nevertheless, MRI remains the gold standard for diagnosing cervical myelopathies. It is one of the components of Cook's cluster test for diagnosing cervical myelopathy. While the solitary presence of Hoffmann's sign is inconclusive for the diagnosis of cervical myelopathy, a unilateral positive sign is more specific and a bilateral positive finding is highly sensitive for confirmation of the same. It is worth noting that up to 3% of the population has been found with a positive sign without any indication of cord compression or UMNL disease. Systemic disorders usually result in a bilateral response while structural anomalies such as tumors result in a unilateral response. In this regard, it is analogous to the Babinski sign.Ĭonditions such as multiple sclerosis, hyperthyroidism, and anxiety will also result in a positive signs. Interpretation Ī positive Hoffmann's sign is suggestive of corticospinal tract dysfunction localized to the cervical segments of the spinal cord. The presence of Hoffmann's sign is characterized by flexion and adduction of the thumb and flexion of the index finger.The subject's finger will flex immediately followed by relaxation.Perform a sharp and forceful flick of your thumb, making contact with the nail of the subject’s middle finger.Hold the subject's partially extended middle finger between your index and middle finger, ensuring you stabilize the proximal IP joint.Position the subject’s relaxed hand ensuring dorsiflexion at the wrist and partial flexion of the fingers.The following steps should be followed while performing this test: Hans Curschman, is responsible for the dissemination of this finding, leading to its universal use in neurological screening today. Johann Hoffmann, a German neurologist, is credited with the discovery of the eponymous Hoffmann's sign or reflex.
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